yellowstone National Park:
Yellowstone National Park is a beautiful place
Yellowstone National Park:
Yellowstone National Park is a national park in
the western United States, primarily in the northwestern corner of Wyoming and
extending into Montana and Idaho. It was created by the 42nd US Congress in the
Yellowstone National Park Protection Act and signed into law by President
Ulysses S. By Grant on March 1, 1872. Yellowstone was the first national park
in the United States and is widely considered to be the first national park inthe world. The park is known for its wildlife and many geothermal features,
particularly the Old Faithful Geyser, which is one of the most famous. Although
it represents many
types of biomes, subalpine forests are the most common.
Enters the South Central Rockies Forests ecoregion.
Although Native Americans have lived in the Yellowstone
region for at least 11,000 years, organized exploration, aside from visits by
mountain men in the early to mid-19th century, did not begin until the late
1860s. From the beginning, the management and control of the park fell under
the responsibility of the US Department of the Interior. The first Secretary of
the Interior to oversee the park was Columbus Delano. However, the US Army was
eventually tasked with overseeing the administration of Yellowstone for 30
years from 1886 to 1916. In 1917, management of the park was transferred to the
National Park Service, which had been created the previous year. Hundreds of
structures have been built and are protected for their architectural and
historical significance, and researchers have explored more than a thousand
archaeological sites.
Yellowstone National Park covers an area of 8,983 km2 and
consists of lakes, valleys, rivers and mountain ranges. Yellowstone Lake is one
of the largest high mountain lakes in North America and sits atop the
Yellowstone Caldera, the continent's largest super volcano. The caldera is
considered a dormant volcano. During the last two million years, it has erupted
several times with enormous force. More than half of the world's geysers and
hydrothermal features are located in Yellowstone National Park and are fed by
this ongoing volcano. Lava flows and rocks from volcanic eruptions cover much
of Yellowstone's land area. The park is the heart of the Greater Yellowstone
Ecosystem, the largest nearly intact ecosystem left in the northern temperate
zone on Earth. In 1978, Yellowstone was designated a UNESCO World Heritage
Site.
Hundreds of species of mammals, birds, fish,
reptiles and amphibians have been documented, including several that are either
threatened or endangered. The extensive forests and grasslands also contain
unique plant species. Yellowstone Park is the largest and most famous megafauna
site in the contiguous United States. This park is home to grizzly bears,
cougars, wolves, and free-roaming herds of bison and elk. The Yellowstone Park
bison herd is the oldest and largest public bison herd in the United States.
Forest fires occur in the park every year. During the big forest fires of 1988,
almost a third of the park was burnt. Yellowstone offers many recreational
opportunities, including hiking, camping, boating, fishing, and sightseeing.
The main geothermal areas as well as some lakes and waterfalls are easily
accessible via paved roads. In winter, visitors often reach the park via guided
tours using snow buses or snowmobiles.
History
The park's human
history begins at least 11,000 years ago, when Native Americans began hunting
and fishing in the area. During the construction of a post office in Gardner,
Montana in the 1950s, an obsidian point from Clovis was found that is
approximately 11,000 years old.
Paleo-Indians of the Clovis culture used large amounts of obsidian found in the
park to make cutting tools and weapons. Obsidian arrowheads from Yellowstone
have been found as far away as the Mississippi Valley, suggesting that obsidian
was regularly traded among local tribes and tribes in the East. When the Lewis
and Clark Expedition entered what is now Montana in 1805, they met the Nez
Perce, Crow, and Shoshone tribes who told them of the Yellowstone region to the
south, but they decided not to explore it.[Blogspot].
In 1806, John Coulter,
a member of the Lewis and Clark expedition, set out to join a group of fur
trappers. Separated from the other hunters in 1807, Coulter walked through what would become the park in the winter of 1807-1808.
He has observed at least one geothermal area in the northeast part of the park
near Tower Falls. After surviving a battle with the Crow and Blackfoot tribes
in 1809, Coulter described a place of "fire and brimstone" that most
considered insane. The mysterious place is believed to have been nicknamed
"Coulter Hell". Over the next forty years, numerous miners and
trappers reported boiling mud, steaming streams, and menacing trees, but most
of these reports were considered legends at the time.
After exploring in
1856, mountain man Jim Berger (perhaps the first or second European to see the
Great Salt Lake) discovered boiling springs, running water, glass, and yellow
stones. These reports were largely ignored because Berger was a famous
"yarn spinner". In 1859, US Army Surveyor Captain William F. Named
Reynolds' two-year survey of the south-central Rocky Mountains. After wintering
in Wyoming in May 1860, Reynolds and his party—including geologist Ferdinand
Hayden and guide Jim Berger—crossed the Continental Divide from the Wind River
Basin in northwestern Wyoming and entered two oceanic plateaus. Heavy spring
snow prevented their passage, but if they had succeeded in clearing the gap,
the group would have been the first organized survey to enter the Yellowstone
region. The American Civil War prevented more systematic research until the late 1860s.
The
first large-scale exploration of the Yellowstone region was the
Cook-Folsom-Peterson Expedition in 1869 by three privately funded explorers.
The Folsom party followed the Yellowstone River to Yellowstone Lake. Members of
the Folsom party kept diaries, and based on the information they provided, a
group of Montanans organized the Washburn-Langford-Doane Expedition in 1870. It
was directed by Montana Superintendent General Henry Washburn and led by
Nathaniel B. Langford (which later became "known as Langford National
Park") and a US Army detachment led by Lt. Col. Gustave’s Duane. The
expedition took about a month to survey the area, collect samples and name
areas of interest.
A Montana writer and attorney named Cornelius
Hedges, a member of the Washburn Expedition, proposed that the area be set
aside and preserved as a national park. He wrote detailed reports of his observations in 1870 and 1871 for the Helena Herald. Hedges
echoed statements made in October 1865 by Montana Territorial Acting Governor
Thomas Francis Mager, who stressed the need to protect the region first. Others
made similar suggestions. 1871 Ferdinand F. Businessman Jay Cooke Hayden, who
wanted to bring tourists to the area, tried to raise the issue in the official
report of the study. Cook wrote that his fellow congressman William D. Kelly
"also recommended that Congress pass a bill that would make the Great
Geysir Basin a state park in perpetuity."
Park creation
Although Hayden never proposed a park at the
site, he was one of the earliest and most ardent supporters. He "believed
in keeping the site as an amusement park for the benefit and enjoyment of the
public" and warned that people would come and "make a product out of
these beautiful specimens". He feared that the site would have a similar
impact to Niagara Falls and concluded that the area should be "saved as
air or water". His report to the Public Lands Commission concluded: Nature
has existed for thousands of years.
Hayden and his team discovered Yellowstone in
1871 and it deserves further exploration. He was also encouraged to hold it up
for others to see and see. In 1873, Congress authorized and funded a study to
find a wagon road from the south to the park, which was completed by the JonesExpedition of 1873. At one point the train, and a little later the automobile. The park is not only
environmentally friendly. However, the name "amusement park" was not
an invitation to create an amusement park. Hayden drew inspiration from luxury
resorts and spas in England, Germany and Switzerland.
The act of Dedication
An act to set aside a certain tract of land
near the headwaters of the Yellowstone River as a public park. Be it enacted by
the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, that
the lands in the territories of Montana and Wyoming be protected and protected
from alienation, possession or sale according to law. retired. of the United
States, and dedicated and set apart as a public park or place of recreation for
the benefit and enjoyment of the people. and all persons locating or settling
or occupying the same or any part thereof shall, except as hereinafter
provided, be deemed to be prospectors, and the same shall be issued from the
1st day of March, 1872.
In the early years of Yellowstone
National Park, there was significant local opposition. Some residents fear that
the regional economy cannot thrive if strict federal restrictions on resource
development or settlement in the park are maintained, and local business owners
have called for the park to be downsized to allow mining, fishing and logging.
developed. To that end, Montana
representatives introduced several bills in Congress aimed at lifting federal
restrictions on land use. After the park's official establishment, Nathaniel
Langford was appointed as the park's first superintendent in 1872 by Secretary
of the Interior Columbus Delano, the park's first superintendent and
superintendent. Langford served for five years but was denied salary, funding
and staff. Langford lacked the resources to improve the land or adequately
protect the park, and without formal policies or regulations, he had few legal
methods to implement those protections. This leaves Yellowstone vulnerable to
poachers, vandals and others seeking to attack its resources. In an 1872 report
to the Secretary of the Interior, he addressed the practical problems facing
park managers and correctly predicted that Yellowstone would become a major
international attraction worthy of continued government oversight. In 1874,
Langford and Delano called for federal authority to protect the vast park, but
Congress rejected it. In 1875, Colonel William Ludlow, who had previously
explored the Montana regions under George Armstrong Custer, was tasked with
organizing and leading an expedition to Montana and the newly founded
Yellowstone Park. Observations of the chaos and exploitation of the park's
resources were included in the Ludlow Report to the Yellowstone National Park
Survey. The report included letters and
appendices from other expedition members, including naturalist and mineralogist
George Byrd Grinnell.
Grinnell recorded the hunting of buffalo,
deer, elk, and antelope for hides: "It is estimated that in the winter of
1874-75 no fewer than 3,000 buffalo and elk were hunted, more than deer, and
almost always antelope."
As a result, Langford was forced to resign in
1877. After traveling to Yellowstone and seeing the problems with land
management, Philetus Norris volunteered for the position after Langford left.
Congress eventually saw fit to set a salary for the position, as well as
provide minimal funding for park operations. Norris used the funds to expand
access to the park and build several trails and facilities.
In 1880, Harry Youde was appointed game warden
to control poaching and vandalism in the park. Yount had previously spent
decades exploring the mountainous region known today as Wyoming, including the
Grand Teton Mountains, after joining F.W. Hayden's Geological Survey in 1873.
Headwaters of the Yellowstone River. In honor of him. However, these measures
were still insufficient to protect the park, as neither Norris nor the three
inspectors who followed him had sufficient manpower or resources.
The Northern Pacific Railroad built a railroad
station in Livingston, Montana, as a gateway to the north in 1883, which helped
boost tourism from 300 in 1872 to 5,000 in 1883. The spur line was completed
that fall. years from Livingston to Cinnabar connecting Mammoth Station, then
in 1902 extended to Gardiner Station, where passengers change to bus. Visitors
in those early years faced poor, dirt roads with little service, and cars were
only allowed on sections beginning in 1915. In 1901 a Chicago, Burlington, and
Quincy connection to Cody opened and in 1908 a Union Pacific Railroad
connection on the the East. Yellowstone,
go on. on Milwaukee Road 1927, which connects to the Gallatin Gateway near
Bozeman, and automobile visitors to West Yellowstone. Rail tourism suffered a
significant decline due to World War II and ceased regular passenger service
around the 1960s, although special trips continued into the 1980s.
Later history
By 1915, 1,000 cars entered the park each
year, causing collisions with horses and horse-drawn carriages. Riding horses
on the roads was eventually banned. The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), a
New Deal youth relief organization, was instrumental in the development of
Yellowstone National Park facilities between 1933 and 1942. CCC programs
include reforestation, camping development on many of the park's trails and
campgrounds, trail construction, fire risk reduction, and fire suppression. The
CCC built much of the park's early visitor centers, campgrounds, and current
road system. During the Second World War, tourist traffic fell sharply, the
staff was reduced, and many facilities went out of operation. in Yellowstone
and other national parks. To accommodate the growing number of visitors, park
officials introduced the Mission 66 initiative to modernize and expand park
service facilities. Construction of Mission 66, scheduled to be completed by
1966 in honor of the National Park Service's 50th anniversary, moved away from
the traditional log style with modern design features. In the late 1980s, most
of Yellowstone's architectural styles returned to more traditional designs.
After the devastating wildfires of 1988 destroyed much of the village of Grant,
the buildings there were rebuilt in the traditional way. The Canyon Village
Visitor Center, which opened in 2006, also has a more traditional design.
The 1959 Hebgen Lake earthquake west of Yellowstone
damaged roads and structures within the park. A new geyser has been discovered
in the northwest of the park, and several existing hot springs have become
cloudy. It was the strongest earthquake in the region since records began.
In 1963, after several years of public debate over the forced depopulation of
Yellowstone Island, U.S. Secretary of the Interior Stuart Udall appointed an
advisory committee to gather scientific data for future wildlife management in
national parks. In a document called the Leopold Report, the commission found
that eradication programs in other national parks were ineffective and
recommended that the rhino population be preserved in Yellowstone National
Park. A wildfire in the summer of 1988 was the largest in the park's history.
The fire affected approximately 793,880 acres (3,210 km2; 1,240 sq. mi), or 36%
of the park's area, leading to a systematic reevaluation of fire protection
measures. The 1988 fire season was considered normal until a combination of
drought and warm temperatures created high fire danger by mid-July. On Black
Saturday, August 20, 1988, the fire grew rapidly due to high winds and burned more
than 150,000 acres (610 km2, 230 sq. mi).
Heritage and Research Center
The Heritage and Research Center is located in
Gardiner, Montana, near the park's north entrance. The center houses
Yellowstone National Park's museum collection, archives, research library,
historian, archeology laboratory, and botanist. Yellowstone National Park
Archives manages the historical record collections of Park and the
National Park Service. The collection includes Yellowstone administrative
records as well as resource management records, major project records, and
manuscripts and personal papers. The archives are affiliated with the National
Records and Archives Service.
Geography
Geography of yellowstone park
About 96 percent of Yellowstone National Park is located in the state of Wyoming. Another 3 percent is in Montana and the remaining 1 percent is in Idaho. The park covers an area of 101 km from north to south and 87 km from west to east by wind. At 2,219,789 hectares (8,983 km2; 3,468 sq. mi), Yellowstone is larger than Rhode Island or Delaware. Rivers and lakes cover five percent of the country, with Yellowstone Lake being the largest body of water at
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| Geography of yellowstone park |
Biology and environment
This park is the center of the Greater
Yellowstone Ecosystem of 20 million acres (80,940 km2; 31,250 sq. mi), an area
that includes Grand Teton National Park, adjacent national forests, and
extensive wilderness areas within those forests. The ecosystem is the largest
remaining continuous stretch of largely uncultivated virgin land in the
contiguous United States, and is considered the world's largest intact
ecosystem in the boreal temperate zone. With the success of the wolf
reintroduction program that began in the 1990s, most of the original species of
animals and plants that were known to inhabit the area when early explorers
entered the area can be found there. The site is home to the main field
observatory for the National Network of Environmental Observatories.
The park includes more
than 69,000 trees and other vascular plants. There are another 170 species that
are considered exotic and non-native. Of the eight documented conifer species,
80% of the total forest area is covered by pine forests. Other conifers such as
subalpine fir, Engelmann fir, Rocky Mountain Douglas fir, and white pine are
found in groves scattered throughout the park. Since 2007, white pine has been
threatened by a fungus known as white pine rust. However, this is mostly
limited to forests in the north and west. About seven percent of Yellowstone's
pine species are affected by the fungus, compared to almost complete invasions
in northwestern Montana. Aspen and willow are the most common types of
deciduous trees. Aspen forests have
declined significantly since the early 1900s, but scientists at Oregon State
University attribute the recent aspen recovery to the reintroduction of wolves,
which changed the grazing habits of native oaks.
Dozens of flowering
plant species have been discovered, most of which bloom from May to September.
Yellowstone sand verbena is a rare flowering plant found only in Yellowstone.
It is closely related to species typically found in warmer climates, making the
sandbar something of an enigma. About 8,000 specimens of this rare flowering
plant make their home in the sandy soil along the shores of Yellowstone Lake,
well above the water line.
In Yellowstone's warm
waters, bacteria form bizarrely shaped mats made up of trillions of
individuals. These bacteria are among the most primitive forms of life on
Earth. Carpets are home to flies and other arthropods, even in the middle of
frigid winters. At first, scientists thought that the microbes there fed only
on sulfur. In 2005, researchers at the University of Colorado discovered that
some of the different ultra-hot species are at least molecular hydrogen.
Thermus aquatic us is
a bacterium found in Yellowstone's hot springs that produces an important
enzyme (Taq polymerase) that can be easily reproduced in the laboratory and is
useful for copying DNA as part of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) process.
These bacteria can be replenished without any impact on the ecosystem. Other
bacteria found in Yellowstone hot springs may also be useful to scientists
searching for treatments for various diseases. In 2016, researchers at Uppsala
University announced the discovery of a group of thermophilic organisms, called
Hades archaea, in Yellowstone's Culex Basin. These organisms are able to
convert carbon monoxide and water into carbon dioxide and hydrogen.
Non-native plants
sometimes threaten native species by occupying nutrient reserves. Although the
alien species is mostly found in areas with significant human traffic, such as
highways and major tourist sites, it has also spread inland. In general, most
exotic species are controlled by pulling plants from the ground or by spraying,
both of which are time-consuming and expensive.
Forest fires
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| fires in park. |
Because wildfires are a natural part of most ecosystems,
Yellowstone's native plants have adapted in many ways. Douglas firs have a
thick bark that protects the inside of the tree from fires. Lodge pole pines,
the park's most common tree species, typically have cones that only open with
the heat of a fire. Its seeds are held together by a hard resin, and the fire
helps melt the resin, allowing the seeds to disperse. Fire removes dead and
fallen logs, leaving fewer obstacles for creepers to thrive. Subalpine firs,
Engelmann firs, white pines, and other species tend to grow in cool, moist
areas where fires are less likely. Aspen trees generate new growth from their
roots, and even if a tree catches fire above the ground, the roots are often
unharmed because they are insulated by the soil. The National Park Service
estimates that under natural conditions Yellowstone's grasslands burn on
average every 20-25 years, while the park's forests burn about once every 300
years.
About thirty-five natural wildfires are caused by lightning each
year, and six to ten wildfires are caused by humans, in most cases
accidentally. Yellowstone National Park has three fire towers, each staffed by
trained firefighters. The easiest is to get to the top of Mount Washburn, which
has interpretive exhibits and an observation deck open to the public. The park
also monitors fires from the air and relies on visitor reports of smoke and/or
flames. The fire towers operate almost continuously from late June to mid-September,
the primary fire season. The fire burns most intensely in the late afternoon
and evening. Fewer fires burn more than 100 acres (40 ha), and the vast
majority of fires reach less than one hectare (0.5 ha) before burning out. Fire
management focuses on monitoring dead and forest, soil and tree moisture and
weather to identify areas most vulnerable to fire. Current policy is to
suppress all human-caused fires and evaluate natural fires to examine what
benefits or harms they may cause to the ecosystem. If the fire is considered an
immediate danger to people or structures, or is out of control, then
firefighting is carried out.
Climate and weather
weatherof this park.
elevation has a large effect, and lower elevations are
generally warmer year-round. The record high temperature was 99 °F (37 °C) in
2002, and the coldest recorded temperature was -66 °F (-54 °C) in 1933. During
the summer months from June to early September, daytime high temperatures
typically range from 21 to 27 °C, and nighttime low temperatures can reach below freezing
(0 °C), especially at higher elevations. Summer evenings are often accompanied
by thunderstorms. Spring and fall temperatures range from 30 to 60 °F (-1 to 16
°C), with nights in the teens and single digits (-5 to -20 °C). Winter high
temperatures in Yellowstone typically range from 0 to 20 °F (−18 to −7 °C),
with nighttime temperatures below 0 °F (−18 °C) for most of the winter.
Precipitation in Yellowstone is highly variable, ranging from 15
inches (380 mm) per year near Mammoth Hot Springs to 80 inches (2,000 mm) in
the southwestern part of the park. Yellowstone's precipitation is heavily
influenced by a moisture wave formed west of the Snake River Plain, which in
turn is formed by Yellowstone itself. Snow can fall any month of the year, but
is most common between November and April, with an annual average of 150 inches
(3,800 mm) around Yellowstone Lake, before doubling that amount at higher
elevations. The climate at Yellowstone Lake is classified as subarctic (Dfc)
according to the Copen-Geiger climate classification, and at park headquarters
as humid continental (Dfb). Yellowstone tornadoes are rare; However, on July
21, 1987, the strongest tornado ever recorded in Wyoming touched down in the
Bridger-Teton National Forest in the Teton Wilderness and Yellowstone National
Park. It was named the Teton-Yellowstone Tornado and was classified as an F4
with sustained winds of 207 to 260 mph (333 to 418 km/h). The tornado left a
path of destruction 1 to 2 miles (1.6 to 3.2 km) wide and 24 miles (39 km) long
and flattened 15,000 acres (6,100 ha; 23 sq. mi) of mature pine forest.
Entertainment
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| Entertainment in park. |
Park Service trails
lead to major features; However, the road is temporarily closed due to road
construction. Yellowstone is in the midst of a long-term road reconstruction
effort, which has been
in recent years, injuries and deaths to humans have decreased
significantly and visitors are no history occurred in August 2015.
interrupted by a short
maintenance season. During the winter, all roads are closed to wheeled vehicles
except those entering Gardiner, Montana and extending to Cook City, Montana.
Park roads are closed to wheeled vehicles from early November to mid-April, but
some park roads remain closed until mid-May. The park has 310 miles (500 km) of
paved trails that can be accessed from five different entrances. There is no
public transportation within the park, but there are
several tour companies available for guided motor transportation (including
self-guided). During the winter, concessionaires operate guided snowmobile and
snowmobile tours, although their numbers and destinations are subject to quotas
set by the National Park Service. The facilities in the Old Faithful, Canyon,
and Mammoth Hot Springs areas of the park are very busy during the summer
months. Long delays may occur due to traffic jams caused by road construction
or people viewing wildlife.
The National Park
Service maintains nine visitor centers and museums and is responsible for the
maintenance of historic structures and approximately 2,000 other buildings.
These structures include National Historic Landmarks such as the Old Loyal
Hotel, built in 1903–1904, and the entire Fort Yellowstone-Mammoth Hot Springs
Historic District. There is a historical and educational tour of Fort
Yellowstone that describes the history of the National Park Service and the
development of the park. Campfire programs, guided walks and other interpretive
approaches, available at many sites in the summer and on a limited basis during
other seasons, have been suspended in 2021 in response to COVID-19.
Although open seasons
are permitted in local national forests, hunting is not permitted. Fishing is a
popular activity, and a Yellowstone Park fishing permit is required to fish in
park waters. Many park waters allow fly fishing only and all species of fish
are catch and release only. Boating is prohibited on rivers and streams, except
for 5 miles (8.0 km) of the Lewis River between Lake Lewis and Shoshone, which
is open to non-motorized use only. Yellowstone Lake has a marina at Bridge Bay
and a boat ramp at the Lake Louise Campground.
In the park's early history, visitors were allowed and sometimes encouraged to feed the bears. Visitors welcome the opportunity to take photos with bears who have learned to beg for food. This results in the loss of many human lives every year. In 1970, park officials changed their policy and began an aggressive program to educate the public about the dangers longer a threat. The eighth recorded bear-related death in the parks of close contact with bears and to eliminate opportunities for bears to find food in camps and garbage dumps. began.
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